In this sense, statistically significant differences for μtrimmed were observed in male canoeists (p < 0.01, ξ = 0.36) and male kayakers (p < 0.01, ξ = 0.38) with lower μtrimmed in older compared with younger athletes (i.e., ≥U15). Further, associations between physical fitness and sport-specific performance were lower with increasing age, particularly in males. Results: Visual inspection revealed consistent associations among anthropometric measures across age categories, irrespective of sex. Effects of age and sex were analyzed using one-way ANOVAs. Further, trimmed means (μtrimmed) of inter-item Pearson's correlations coefficients were calculated for each discipline, age category, and sex. Network plots were used to explore the correlation patterns by visual inspection. For each discipline, a correlation matrix (i.e., network analysis) was calculated for age category (U13, U14, U15, U16) and sex including anthropometrics (e.g., standing body height, body mass), physical fitness (e.g., cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle power), and sport-specific performance (i.e., 250 and 2,000-m on-water canoe sprint time). Methods: Anthropometric, physical fitness, and sport-specific performance data of 618 male and 297 female young canoe sprint athletes (discipline: male/female kayak, male canoe) were recorded during a national talent identification program between 19. Therefore, the present study aimed at analyzing inter-item correlations between anthropometric, physical fitness, and sport-specific performance data as a function of age and sex in young canoe sprint athletes. However, multicollinearity among tests may change across age and/or sex due to age-/sex-specific non-linear development of test performances.
Of note, inter-item correlations (i.e., multicollinearity) may exist between tests assessing similar physical qualities. Introduction: Anthropometric and physical fitness data can predict sport-specific performance (e.g., canoe sprint race time) in young athletes. Mullen and Hardy (2010) also found a benefit for the golf putt, basketball shot, and long jump with skilled performers adopting a focus on the global or holistic aspect of the skill. The results of this study are in line with research that found a benefit for a holistic focus with novice performers (Becker et al., 2019). 018) with holistic focus adhering to the cue significantly more than internal focus (p <. For adherence, a significant main effect for condition was observed (F = 4.56, p =. 380), or holistic and external foci (p =. 001) with no difference between internal and external (p =. A holistic threw farther than an internal focus (p <. A significant main effect for condition was observed for distance (F = 6.14, p =. Repeated-measures ANOVAs with Sidak post-hoc were used to analyze both underhand shot throw distance and focus adherence.
Participants also rated their adherence to each attentional focus manipulation. 18 female athletes performed an underhand shot throw (4 kg) under three focus conditions: internal, external, and holistic.
The purpose of this study was to investigate attentional focus within track and field athletes performing an underhand shot throw. Recently Becker, Georges, and Aiken (2019) suggested that a holistic focus may be a useful substitute when an external focus is not appropriate. For experienced performers the results on attentional focus have been mixed. Research on novices suggests that an external focus improves performance over an internal focus.
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